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四、简答 1.Try to discuss the constitutional provisions relating to the spending and taxing activities of the federal government. （1）No real constraints on spending in Constitution （2）Taxes must originate in House of Representatives a, Equal tax rates across states.(Duties Imposts Excises) b, Income tax came from 16th amendment to Constitution, No direct Tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census. C ,Distinction of property created by the tax law must be reasonable. No person shall be deprived of life , liberty, or property without due process of law. d,No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State. （3）Can run budget deficits 2.Try to discuss the constitutional provisions relating to the spending and taxing activities of the state and local government. （1）The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it (Constitution) to the States, are reserved to the States respectively. （2）Can impose spending / taxing restrictions on itself. （3）Many towns and cities have substantial political power. 3.The three types of the government expenditures. （1）Purchases of goods and services. The government buys a wide variety of items,everything from missiles to services . （2）Transfers of income to people, businesses, or other governments. （3）Interest payments. The government often borrows to finance its activities and , like any borrower, must pay interest for the privilege of doing so. 四、简答 1.Theory would suggest that person maximizes utility. In this labor supply case, the after-tax wage changes with the policy. Theory predicts that the effect on hours is ambiguous. The substitution effect predicts that as the wage (price of leisure) falls, consumers substitute toward leisure. The income effect says that if leisure is a normal good, consumers consume less of it as income falls. 2.Please talk about the virtue, limitation, and how to