材基晶体学.pptVIP

Introduction to Crystallography 1.Introduction 2.Simple and Combined Symmetries 3.Space-Group Symmetries 4.Symmetries in Crystals Introduction Fundamental Concepts ? Short-Range Order (SRO) In monoatomic gase,such as Ar created in a fluorescent(荧光的) tubelight,atoms or ions have no orderly arrangement.These materials randomly fill up whatever space is available to them ? Long-Range Order (LRO) Most metals and alloys,semiconductor,ceramics,and some ploymers have a crystalline structure in which the atoms or ions display long-range order;the special atomic arrangement extends over much larger length scales100nm.The atoms or ions in these materials form a regular repetive,gridlike pattern,in three dimentions. Fundamental Concepts of Crystal Crystal structure The manner in which atoms, ions , or molecules are spatially arranged. Lattice Lattice means a three-dimensional array of points coinciding with atoms positions (or sphere centers). Fundamental Concepts Fundamental Concepts Lattice,Unit Cells,Basis,and Crystal Structures A lattice is a collection of points,called lattice points,which are arranged in a periodic pattern so that the surroundings of each point in the lattice are identical. The unit cell is the subdiversion of a latticethat still retains the overall characteristics of the entire lattice.There are 7 unique arrangements,known as crystal systems,which fill in a three-dimensional space.These are Crystal Systems Unit cell Parallelepiped (平行六面体) Lattice parameters参数 : a, b, c,α,β,γ Seven Crystal Systems: Cubic (立方) a=b=c α=β=γ=90° Hexagonal (六方) a=b≠c α=β=90°γ=120° Tetragonal (四方) a=b≠c α=β=γ=90° Rhombohedral (菱方) a=b=c α=β=γ≠90° Orthorhombic (斜方) a≠b≠c α=β=γ=90° Monoclinic (单斜) a≠b≠c α=γ=90°β≠90° Triclinic (三斜) a≠b≠c α≠β≠γ≠90° The combination of crystal system and lattice type gives the Bravais lattice of a structure. There are fourteen possible Bravais lattices. Metallic Crystal St