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* * Chapter 9 Memory Address decoder ROM and RAM CPLD and FPGA Analog signal and digit signal Analog signal: its value changed continually ; Digital signal: its value changed discretely. Signal processing system Resolving ability and errors For N bits convertor, the resolving ability and quantized error is Vmax/2N Properties of operational amplifier Input current is 0;input resistor is infinite; The voltage between two input port is 0. Output resistor is 0. Typical use of OA Inverse amplifier Voltage follower Voltage comparator DAC Change the N bits digital signal to one analog value signal. Key point: Use digital signal to switch different currents , add them together and convert it to voltage! Basic structure of DAC The values of resistor are widely spread, these resistors are difficult to fabricate ! R-2R structure of DAC Only use two kinds of resistors; the current passed through any resistor will not change ! ADC Change the analog signal to n-bits digital signal. Basic structure of ADC ADC with Parallel compare technique ADC with feedback and compare technique ADC with bi-integral technique Parallel ADC Converting time is very short; When bits increase, the circuit will be very complex and expensive ! Use feedback and compare technique The output of counter will keep increasing until the output of DAC is higher than Va ! The converting time may be 2n clock periods ! In each clock period one bit is decided from MSB to LSB ; The converting time is n clock periods ! Use feedback and compare technique Sampling and holding circuit The sampled voltage can be stored in capacitor; Use voltage follower to keep the stored voltage stable ! ADC with bi-integral technique Charge and discharge time may be very long ,but it can be made in very low price !