4第4章影响药物作用的因素.ppt

;object;Individual variation （个体差异）;Factors affecting drug action;§1 Drug ;New preparations;2) Route of administration; Different administration produce the different effects and uses .;Combination and interaction of drugs;Incompatibility (配伍禁忌) 药物在体外配伍时发生的理化反应致药物作用改变而影响疗效的现象. ii. interaction of drugs(药物相互作用) 两种或两种以上药物同时或先后序贯应用时对机体产生的一些不利影响.;§2 Body;b. Characteristics of hepatic and renal function different newborns ------ incomplete chloramphenicol氯霉素( gray syndrome) 灰婴综合征 Oldster------ decay (衰退) gentamicin庆大霉素( t ? prolong ＞30h );Remaining Functions Are declining;2. Sex;2) Lactation (哺乳期) secreting from breast milk (乳汁): diazepam (地西泮) morphine (吗啡) tetracycline (四环素) cimetidine (西米替丁) ……;3. Genetic factors (遗传因素) ;2) Racial differences in drug response (药物反应种族差异) 3) idiosyncrasy (特异质反应) 琥珀胆碱敏感症 AChE缺乏---常用剂量，呼吸停止1h;II. pathologic factors (病理因素) ;III. placebo effects (安慰剂效应); Changes of Reactivity after long administration ;2. dependence and withdrawal symptoms;Physical dependence ( addiction 成瘾性) 连续多次用药,机体对药物产生依赖,一旦停药可出现戒断症状。e.g morphine ;withdrawal symptoms (停药症状);Please explain some terms: tolerance, resistance, physical dependence, psychological dependence;Thank you !