托福阅读og六工匠和产业化【附完整版】.docxVIP

智课网TOEFL备考资料 托福阅读OG六：工匠和产业化【附完整版】 摘要： 托福阅读OG是托福ETS官网唯一官网指南的精华资料，托福阅读OG题量不是很多，难度比不上托福阅读TPO，只是为大家介绍下托福阅读OG题型，是ETS官网给出的应试指南，尤其是第一次参加托福考试的考生一定要认真对待。  托福 阅读OG六：ARTISANS AND INDUSTRIALIZATION (OG)  Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.  The creation of a labor force that was accustomed to working in factories did not occur easily.Before the rise of the factory, artisans had worked within the home. Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior. Journeymen knew that if they perfected their skill, they could become respected master artisans with their own shops. Also, skilled artisans did not work by the clock, at a steady pace, but rather in bursts of intense labor alternating with more leisurely time.  The factory changed that. Goods produced by factories were not as finished or elegant as those done by hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to the pressure to increase rates of productivity. The new methods of doing business involved a new and stricter sense of time. Factory life necessitated a more regimented schedule, where work began at the sound of a bell and workers kept machines going at a constant pace. At the same time, workers were required to discard old habits, for industrialism demanded a worker who