salt formation to improve drug solubility.pdf

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 59 (2007) 603 – 616 /locate/addr ☆ Salt formation to improve drug solubility Abu T.M. Serajuddin ⁎ Science, Technology and Outsourcing Section, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ 07936, USA Received 23 April 2007; accepted 10 May 2007 Available online 29 May 2007 Abstract Salt formation is the most common and effective method of increasing solubility and dissolution rates of acidic and basic drugs. In this article, physicochemical principles of salt solubility are presented, with special reference to the influence of pH–solubility profiles of acidic and basic drugs on salt formation and dissolution. Non-ideality of salt solubility due to self-association in solution is also discussed. Whether certain acidic or basic drugs would form salts and, if salts are formed, how easily they would dissociate back into their free acid or base forms depend on interrelationships of several factors, such as S (intrinsic solubility), pH, pK , K (solubility product) and pH (pH of maximum solubility). The 0 a sp max interrelationships of these factors are elaborated and their influence on salt screening and the selection of optimal salt forms for d