A Reevaluation of the Native American MtDNA Genome Diversity and Its Bearing on the Models of Early Colonization of Beringia 英文参考文献.docVIP

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A Reevaluation of the Native American MtDNA Genome Diversity and Its Bearing on the Models of Early Colonization of Beringia 英文参考文献.doc

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A Reevaluation of the Native American MtDNA Genome Diversity and Its Bearing on the Models of Early Colonization of Beringia 英文参考文献

AReevaluationoftheNativeAmericanMtDNAGenome DiversityandItsBearingontheModelsofEarly ColonizationofBeringia NelsonJ.R.Fagundes1,2.,RicardoKanitz1.,SandroL.Bonatto1* 1Faculdade de Biocie?ncias, Pontif?′cia Universidade Cato′lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2Departamento de Gene′tica, Instituto de Biocie?ncias, UniversidadeFederaldoRioGrandedoSul,PortoAlegre,RioGrandedoSul,Brazil Abstract The Americas were the last continents to be populated by humans, and their colonization represents a very interesting chapter in our species’ evolution in which important issues are still contentious or largely unknown. One difficult topic concernsthedetailsoftheearlypeoplingofBeringia,suchasforhowlongitwascolonizedbeforepeoplemovedintothe Americas and the demography of this occupation. A recent work using mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) data presented evidenceforasocalled‘‘three-stagemodel’’consistingofaveryearlyexpansionintoBeringiafollowedby,20,000yearsof populationstabilitybeforethefinalentryintotheAmericas.However,theseresultsareindisagreementwithotherrecent studiesusingsimilardataandmethods.Here,wereanalyzetheirdatatochecktherobustnessofthismodelandtestthe abilityofNativeAmericanmtDNAtodiscriminatedetailsoftheearlycolonizationofBeringia.WeapplytheBayesianSkyline PlotapproachtorecoverthepastdemographicdynamicunderpinningtheseeventsusingdifferentmtDNAdatasets.Our resultsrefutethespecificdetailsofthe‘‘three-stagemodel’’,sincetheearlystageofexpansionintoBeringiafollowedbya long period of stasis could not be reproduced in any mtDNA data set cleaned from non-Native American haplotypes. Nevertheless, they are consistent with a moderate population bottleneck in Beringia associated with the Last Glacial Maximum followed by a strong population growth around 18,000 years ago as suggested by other recent studies. We suggestthatthisbottleneckerasedthesignalsofancientdemographichistoryfromrecentNativeAmericanmtDNApool, andconcludethattheproposedearlyexpansio