Active Control of Acoustic Field-of-View in a Biosonar System 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Active Control of Acoustic Field-of-View in a Biosonar System 英文参考文献.doc

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Active Control of Acoustic Field-of-View in a Biosonar System 英文参考文献

ActiveControlofAcousticField-of-ViewinaBiosonar System YossiYovel1,BenFalk2,CynthiaF.Moss2,NachumUlanovsky1* 1Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, 2Department of Psychology, Institute for Systems Research and Neuroscience and CognitiveScienceProgram,UniversityofMaryland,CollegePark,Maryland,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Active-sensingsystemsaboundinnature,butlittleisknownaboutsystematicstrategiesthatareusedbythesesystemsto scan the environment. Here, weaddressed this question by studying echolocating bats, animals that havethe ability to pointtheirbiosonarbeamtoaconfinedregionofspace.WetrainedEgyptianfruitbatstolandonatarget,underconditions ofvaryinglevelsofenvironmentalcomplexity,andmeasuredtheirecholocationandflightbehavior.Thebatsmodulated theintensityoftheirbiosonaremissions,andthespatialregiontheysampled,inatask-dependantmanner.Wereporthere that Egyptian fruit bats selectively change the emission intensity and the angle between the beam axes of sequentially emitted clicks, according to the distance to the target, and depending on the level of environmental complexity. In so doing,theyeffectivelyadjustedthespatialsectorsampledbyapairofclicks—the‘‘field-of-view.’’Wesuggestthattheexact pointwithinthebeamthatisdirectedtowardsanobject(e.g.,thebeam’speak,maximalslope,etc.)isinfluencedbythree competingtaskdemands:detection,localization,andangularscanning—wherethethirdfactorismodulatedbyfield-of- view. Our results suggest that lingual echolocation (based on tongue clicks) is in fact much more sophisticated than previously believed. They also reveal a new parameter under active control in animal sonar—the angle between consecutive beams. Our findings suggest that acoustic scanning of space by mammals is highly flexible and modulated muchmoreselectivelythanpreviouslyrecognized. Citation: Yovel Y, Falk B, Moss CF, Ulanovsky N (2011) Active Control of Acoustic Field-of-View in a Biosonar System. PLoS Biol 9(9): e1001150. doi:10.137