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Activity Time Budget during Foraging Trips of Emperor Penguins 英文参考文献
ActivityTimeBudgetduringForagingTripsofEmperor
Penguins
ShinichiWatanabe1*,KatsufumiSato2,PaulJ.Ponganis3
1FacultyofLifeScienceandBiotechnology,FukuyamaUniversity,Fukuyama,Hiroshima,Japan,2InternationalCoastalResearchCenter,AtmosphereandOceanResearch
Institute,TheUniversityofTokyo,Kashiwa,Chiba,Japan,3CenterforMarineBiotechnologyandBiomedicine,ScrippsInstitutionofOceanography,UniversityofCalifornia
SanDiego,LaJolla,California,UnitedStatesofAmerica
Abstract
Wedevelopedanautomatedmethodusingdepthandoneaxisofbodyaccelerationdatarecordedbyanimal-bornedata
loggerstoidentifyactivitiesofpenguinsoverlong-termdeployments.Usingthistechnique,weevaluatedtheactivitytime
budgetofemperorpenguins(n=10)bothinwaterandonseaiceduringforagingtripsinchick-rearingseason.Duringthe
foragingtrips,emperorpenguinsalternateddivebouts(4.864.5h)andrestperiodsonseaice(2.562.3h).Afterrecorder
deploymentandreleasenearthecolony,thebirdsspent17.968.4%oftheirtimetravelinguntiltheyreachedtheiceedge.
Onceattheiceedge,theystayedtheremorethan4hoursbeforethefirstdive.Afterthefirstdive,themeanproportionsof
timespentontheiceandinwaterwere30.867.4%and69.267.4%,respectively.Wheninthewater,theyspent67.963.1%
oftimemakingdivesdeeperthan5m.Diveactivityhadnotypicaldiurnalpatternforindividualbirds.Whileinthewater
betweendives,thebirdshadshortrestingperiods(1.261.7min)andperiodsofswimmingatdepthsshallowerthan5m
(0.2560.38min).Whenthebirdswereontheice,theyprimarilyusedtimeforresting(90.364.1%oftime)andspentonly
9.764.1% of time traveling. Thus, it appears that, during foraging trips at sea, emperor penguins traveled during dives
.5mdepth,andthatseaicewasprimarilyusedforresting.Seaiceprobablyprovidesrefugefromnaturalpredatorssuch
asleopardseals.Wealsosuggestthat24hoursofsunlightandthecyclingofdiveboutswithshortrestperiodsonseaice
allowemperorpenguinstodivecontinuouslythroughoutthedayduringforagingtripstosea.
Citation: Watanabe S, Sato K, Ponganis PJ (2012) Activity Time Budget during Foraging Trips of Emperor Penguin
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