Questions on causality and responsibility arising from an outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in Norway 英文参考文献.docVIP
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Emerging Themes in Epidemiology
BioMedCentral
Analytic perspective
Open Access
Questions on causality and responsibility arising from an outbreak
of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in Norway
Bj?rn G Iversen*1, Bj?rn Hofmann2,3 and Preben Aavitsland1
Address: 1Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway, 2University College of Gj?vik, Faculty of Health, Care and Nursing, Gj?vik, Norway
and 3University of Oslo, Department of General Practice and Community Medicine, Section for Medical Ethics, Oslo, Norway
Email: Bj?rn G Iversen* - bjorn.iversen@fhi.no; Bj?rn Hofmann - b.m.hofmann@medisin.uio.no;
Preben Aavitsland - preben.aavitsland@fhi.no
* Corresponding author
Published: 23 October 2008
Received: 25 April 2008
Accepted: 23 October 2008
Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2008, 5:22
doi:10.1186/1742-7622-5-22
This article is available from: /content/5/1/22
? 2008 Iversen et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (/licenses/by/2.0),
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
In 2002, Norway experienced a large outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in hospitals
with 231 confirmed cases. This fuelled intense public and professional debates on what were the
causes and who were responsible. In epidemiology, other sciences, in philosophy and in law there
is a long tradition of discussing the concept of causality. We use this outbreak as a case; apply
various theories of causality from different disciplines to discuss the roles and responsibilities of
some of the parties involved. Mackies concept of INUS conditions, Hills nine viewpoints to study
association for claiming causation, deterministic and probabilistic ways of reasoning, all shed light
on the issues of causality in this outbreak. Moreover, applying legal t
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