Racial Bias in Perceptions of Others’ Pain 英文参考文献.docVIP

RacialBiasinPerceptionsofOthers’Pain SophieTrawalter1,2*,KellyM.Hoffman2,AdamWaytz3 1FrankBattenSchoolofLeadershipandPublicPolicy,UniversityofVirginia,Charlottesville,Virginia,UnitedStatesofAmerica,2DepartmentofPsychology,Universityof Virginia,Charlottesville,Virginia,UnitedStatesofAmerica,3KelloggSchoolofManagement,NorthwesternUniversity,Evanston,Illinois,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract The present work provides evidence that people assume a priori that Blacks feel less pain than do Whites. It also demonstratesthatthisbiasisrootedinperceptionsofstatusandtheprivilege(orhardship)statusconfers,notraceperse. ArchivaldatafromtheNationalFootballLeagueinjuryreportsrevealthat,relativetoinjuredWhiteplayers,injuredBlack players are deemed more likely to play in a subsequent game, possibly because people assume they feel less pain. Experiments1–4showthatWhiteandBlackAmericans–includingregisterednursesandnursingstudents–assumethatBlack people feel less pain than do White people. Finally, Experiments 5 and 6 provide evidence that this bias is rooted in perceptions of status, not race per se. Taken together, these data have important implications for understanding race- relatedbiasesandhealthcaredisparities. Citation:TrawalterS,HoffmanKM,WaytzA(2012)RacialBiasinPerceptionsofOthers’Pain.PLoSONE7(11):e48546.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048546 Editor:RichardFielding,TheUniversityofHongKong,HongKong ReceivedJuly18,2012;AcceptedSeptember26,2012;PublishedNovember14,2012 Copyright: ? 2012 Trawalter etal. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalauthorandsourcearecredited. Funding:Theseauthorshavenosupportorfundingtoreport. CompetingInterests:Theauthorshavedeclaredthatnocompetinginterestsexist. *E-mail:strawalter@ Introduction a Black victim and/or that they do not recognize the extent to whichaBlackvictimmightbeinjuredbysuchharm.Finally,w