Rafts, Nanoparticles and Neural Disease 英文参考文献.docVIP

Nanomaterials 2012, 2, 217-250; doi:10.3390/nano2030217 OPEN ACCESS nanomaterials ISSN 2079-4991 /journal/nanomaterials Review Rafts, Nanoparticles and Neural Disease Vishal Gulati 1 and Ron Wallace 2,* 1 Ross University School of Medicine, Miami Beach Community Health Center, 11645 Biscayne Boulevard, North Miami, FL 33181, USA; E-Mail: vgulati@ 2 Department of Anthropology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ronald.wallace@; Tel.: +1-407-823-2227; Fax: +1-407-823-3498. Received: 12 June 2012; in revised form: 19 July 2012 / Accepted: 20 July 2012 / Published: 6 August 2012 Abstract: This review examines the role of membrane rafts in neural disease as a rationale for drug targeting utilizing lipid-based nanoparticles. The article begins with an overview of methodological issues involving the existence, sizes, and lifetimes of rafts, and then examines raft function in the etiologies of three major neural diseases—epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease—selected as promising candidates for raft-based therapeutics. Raft-targeting drug delivery systems involving liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles are then examined in detail. Keywords: rafts; nanoparticles; nanomedicine; neural disease; epilepsy; Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease; liposomes; solid lipid nanoparticles 1. Introduction In June 1844, Claude Bernard demonstrated that the alkaloid curare, introduced beneath the skin of a frog, produced paralytic effects. His student Vulpian later proposed that the toxin blocked impulse transmission at the neuromuscular junction [1]. This landmark experiment signaled the emerging recognition that the action of a drug occurs at specific cellular locations [2]. Since Bernard’s day, pharmacology has been focused on the synthesis, optimization, and clinical application of cell-specific drug delivery