Rapid Decline of a Grassland System and Its Ecological and Conservation Implications 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Rapid Decline of a Grassland System and Its Ecological and Conservation Implications 英文参考文献.doc

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Rapid Decline of a Grassland System and Its Ecological and Conservation Implications 英文参考文献

RapidDeclineofaGrasslandSystemandItsEcological andConservationImplications GerardoCeballos1*,AnaDavidson1,RurikList1,Jesu′sPacheco1,PatriciaManzano-Fischer1 ,Georgina Santos-Barrera2,JuanCruzado1 1InstitutodeEcolog?′a,UniversidadNacionalAuto′nomadeMe′xico,Me′xicoD.F.,Me′xico,2FacultaddeCiencias,UniversidadNacionalAuto′nomadeMe′xico,Me′xicoD.F. Me′xico Abstract Oneofthemostimportantconservationissuesinecologyistheimperiledstateofgrasslandecosystemsworldwidedueto landconversion,desertification,andthelossofnativepopulationsandspecies.TheJanosregionofnorthwesternMexico maintainsoneofthelargestremainingblack-tailedprairiedog(Cynomysludovicianus)colonycomplexesinNorthAmerica and supports a high diversity of threatened and endangered species. Yet, cattle grazing, agriculture, and drought have greatlyimpactedtheregion.WeevaluatedtheimpactofhumanactivitiesontheJanosgrasslands,comparingchangesin the vertebrate community over the last two decades. Ourresults reveal profound, rapid changes in the Janos grassland community, demonstrating large declines in vertebrate abundance across all taxonomic groups. We also found that the 55,000haprairiedogcolonycomplexhasdeclinedby73%since1988.Theprairiedogcomplexhasbecomeincreasingly fragmented,andtheirdensitieshaveshownaprecipitousdeclineovertheyears,fromanaveragedensityof25perhain 1988to2perhain2004.Wedemonstratedthatprairiedogsstronglysuppressedwoodyplantencroachmentaswellas createdopengrasslandhabitatbyclearingwoodyvegetation,andfoundrapidinvasionofshrublandoncetheprairiedogs disappeared from the grasslands. Comparison of grasslands and shrublands showed markedly different species compositions,withspeciesrichnessbeinggreatestwhenbothhabitatswereconsideredtogether.Ourdatademonstrate therapiddeclineofagrasslandecosystem,anddocumentsthedramaticlossinbiodiversityoveraveryshorttimeperiod concomitantwithanthropogenicgrasslanddegradationandthedeclineofakeystonespecies. Citation:CeballosG,DavidsonA,ListR,PachecoJ,Manzano-FischerP,etal.(20