WHO合理用药调研方法汇.ppt

合理用药调研方法;World Health Organization ;HOW TO DEVELOP A NATIONAL FORMULARY BASED ON THE WHO MODEL FORMULARY A practical guide; Dextran 70 Dextran is a representative plasma substitute. Various preparations can serve as alternatives Infusion (Solution for infusion), dextran 70 6% in glucose intravenous infusion 5% or sodium chloride intravenous infusion 0.9% Uses: short-term blood volume expansion Contraindications: severe congestive heart failure, renal failure; bleeding disorders such as thrombocytopenia and hypofibrinogenaemia Precautions: cardiac disease or renal impairment; monitor urine output; avoid haematocrit falling below 25–30%; where possible, monitor central venous pressure; can interfere with blood group cross-matching and biochemical tests—take samples before start of infusion; monitor for hypersensitivity reactions; pregnancy (Appendix 2) Dosage: Short-term blood volume expansion, by rapid intravenous infusion , adult 500–1000 ml initially, followed by 500 ml if necessary; total dosage should not exceed 20 ml/kg during the initial 24 hours; if required 10 ml/kg daily may be given for a further 2 days (treatment should not continue for longer than 3 days); child total dosage should not exceed 20 ml/kg Adverse effects: hypersensitivity reactions including fever, nasal congestion, joint pains, urticaria, hypotension, bronchospasm—rarely severe anaphylactoid reactions; transient increase in bleeding time;Developing pharmacy practice A focus on patient care HANDBOOK – 2006 EDITION;;背景不合理用药是一个世界性的课题和难题;International Network for Rational Use of Drugs国际合理用药协作网(INRUD);INRUD;WHO/ INRUD(International Network for Rational Use of Drugs) 研究促进合理用药的对策； 培训技术骨干； 敦促成员国政府采取积极行动； 推动国际间的交流等。 合理用药的目标 ：安全（safety） 、有效（efficacy）、经济(economy); 《国家基本药物目录》； ADR(adverse drug reactions) ； STG （standard treatment guidelines）等， EBM(evidence based medicine) ； 药物经济学； 临床药学的研究与应用 合理用药的信息自动化研究与应用； 合理用药的科普宣传以及人员培训;?2001年SFDA四城市的儿科门诊用药情况： 水样腹泻用药适当的仅占5.4%； 非肺炎-急性呼吸道感染用药适当的