材料概论英文版 武汉理工大学.doc

Material: Solids used by man kind to produce items which constitute the support for his living environment Characteristics of materials Have certain compositions; Can be processed; With certain shape and color; Can be used and reused or recycled. 特点: 具有一定的成分和配比； 可成型加工； 保持一定形状和外观； 具有使用价值并可回收再利用。 材料性能的决定因素 组成材料的各元素的原子结构， 原子间的相互作用、相互结合， 原子或分子在空间的排列分布和运动规律, 原子集合体的形貌特征。 Classification of materials Atomic structures Nature of chemical bonds: Metallic bond 金属键 Ionic bond 离子键 Covalent bond 共价键 Secondary bond 次价键 Van der Waals bond 范德华力 Hydrogen bond 氢 键 Classification: metals and their alloys:- metallic bonding Organic polymers: Covalent bonding secondary bonding Ceramics: Ionic bonding covalent bonding Metals and their alloys: are good conductors of heat and electricity; are opaque to visible light; are hard, rigid; can undergo plastic deformation have a high melting temperature (Tm). Organic polymers: made up of long-chain molecules; are electrical and thermal insulators; are light and easily formable; the best-known organic polymers are: poly (vinyl chloride) (聚氯乙烯，PVC); polyethylene (聚乙烯，PE); polystyrene (聚苯乙烯，PS)。 Composite materials: Are constituted by two or more different materials with specific properties. Glass fiber reinforced resins: lightweight composites with high mechanical strength Concrete: an agglomeration of cement, sand and gravel Mechanical properties: The behavior of materials deformed by a set of forces. 弹性 Elasticity 塑性 Plasticity 强度 Strength 硬度 Hardness 韧性 Toughness 疲劳特性 Fatigue behavior 耐磨性 Abrasion resistance Physical properties: The behavior of materials subjected to the action of temperature, electric or magnetic fields, or light. 电性能 Electric properties 磁性能 Magnetic properties 热性能 Thermal properties 光性能 Op