非谓语动词(不定式和现在分词).doc

Grammar 动词的非谓语形式 （1）动词不定式 动词的非谓语形式有三种：不定式、动名词和分词。 不定式由“to + 动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to do”。不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。不定式可作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语，但不能单独作谓语。不定式的逻辑主语有时用”for + 名词或代词宾格”构成。 一、不定式的用法： 1. 作主语：To find a best friend is difficult. = It is difficult to find a best friend. 不定式短语作主语时，可以直接放在句首，但在很多情况下，尤其是在疑问句和感叹句中，往往放在谓语之后，而用先行代词it作形式主语。 It’s my duty to take good care of these old men. It requires patience to be a good teacher. 2. 作宾语： I need to sleep for eight hours every night. a) 可以直接用不定式作宾语的动词很多，常见的有：agree, afford, tend, ask, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, intend, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish等。 当不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。常用动词有feel, think, find, believe, consider, make等。 I find it interesting to study English. b) 不定式一般不作介词的宾语，只有少数介词如but, except等后面可以跟不定式作宾语。一般情况下作介词宾语的不定式都带to，如果but或except所在句子里的谓语动词都是实义动词do, does, did时，通常省略to。 We have no choice but to wait. We can do nothing but wait. 3. 作宾语补足语 He asked me to do the work with him. a) 通常作宾语补语的不定式要带to，常用于以下动词之后：ask, tell, advise, allow, enable, expect, force, get, like, order, teach, want, invite, wish, beg等 但在谓语动词believe, find, think, feel, consider, suppose, imagine, prove等后面跟to be …作宾补，不跟to do …。 They believe him to be honest. b) 在feel, hear, listen to, look at, notice, observe, see, watch等感官动词以及have, make, let等表示“致使”之意的动词后作宾补中，不定式不带to。但这些句子如果变成被动结构，就必须带to。 I often hear him sing the song. → He is often heard to sing the song. His father made him go to bed early. → He was made to go to bed early by his father. 4. 作定语 The farmers thought of ways to protect their crops. 不定式可以在句子充当后置定语，修饰名词。 1) 能带不定式作宾语的动词，以及与不定式搭配的形容词，其同源名词可以带不定式作定语。常见的有attempt, decision, promise, plan；ability, determination, anxiety, eagerness等。 He hasn’t kept his promise to write to his parents regularly. His eagerness to finish his homework was quite clear. 2) 序数词形容词最高级或被only, last, next等修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语： She was the only person to survive after the earthquake. He’s always th