本钱与技巧（国外英文资料）.docVIP

资本与技术（国外英文资料） Chapter iv capital and technology (1) poor, vicious circle of circulation [-knox] Vicious cycle of poverty Chronic poverty in developing countries is not a shortage of domestic resources, but a cycle of forces that impoverishment poor countries. The most important is a cycle of low levels of capital accumulation, a lack of capital in developing countries and a shortage of capital. In developing countries is the cause of poverty cycle low per capita income, per capita income is low because capital is scarce, and the root of capital scarcity is the per capita income is low. Double vicious circle and its breakthrough: A country is poor because it is poor. Break the vicious circle, balanced growth way, must be taken to increase savings, expanding investment, in many industry at the same time, large-scale investment, the formation of mutual need between industries, expand the market capacity, to ensure successful investment. Two vicious cycles: Capital supply: low income - low savings - low capital formation - low production scale - low income. Capital requirements: low income - low purchasing power - investment inadequacy - low capital formation - low income. (2) nelson traps (low level balancing trap) OA is the minimum income level for subsistence. Between A, B, any one of the population growth rate is greater than the growth rate of national income, income growth has been offset by higher population growth and per capita income levels back to survive, and fixed, form the low level trap. When the per capita income exceeds the OB, the increase in national income exceeds that of the population, and the per capita income increases accordingly. To get out of the low level trap, the per capita income of the OB or above must have a significant increase in per capita income. Ways to get rid of low level equilibrium: Critical minimum effort: ensure that the investment rate is high enough to increase national income over population growth (3) muir dahl cycles thr