财政学Introduction.ppt

* * * * 1-* CHAPTER 1 Introduction Copyright ? 2010 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Defining the Field of Study Public Finance – the field of economics that analyzes government taxation and spending policies Public Sector Economics – see definition above Public Economics – see definition above What is not part of public finance? Public Finance and Ideology Organic view of government Mechanistic view of government The Legal Framework Federal government Federal Constitutional provisions Article 1, Section 8: Power to Spend Article 1, Section 9: Power to tax 16th Amendment: Income tax 5th Amendment: : Reasonable taxation The Legal Framework State governments Federal constitutional provisions 10th amendment The State constitutions Local governments Derive power to tax and spend from the States Fiscal independence of local governments The Size of Government How to measure the size of government Number of workers Annual expenditures Types of government expenditure Purchases of goods and services Transfers of income Interest payments Budget documents Unified budget Regulatory budget State, Local, and Federal Government Expenditures (selected years) 1 2 3 4 Total Expenditures (billions) 2008 Dollars (billions)* 2008 Dollars per capita Percent of GDP 1960 123 714 3,950 23.3% 1970 295 1,308 6,379 28.4% 1980 843 1,905 8,367 30.2% 1990 1,873 2,804 11,210 32.2% 2000 2,887 3,527 12,487 29.4% 2008 4,723 4,723 15,488 33.1% *Conversion to 2008 dollars done using the GDP deflatorSource: Calculations based on Economic Report of the President, 2009 [pp. 282,286,325,381]. Adjusting for Inflation Adjusting for Population Relative to Economy Government Expenditures as a Percentage of GDP (2008) United States Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development [2008a]. Composition of Federal Expenditures(1965 and 2008) Note decline in Defense Note increase in Social Security, Medicare and Income Security Source: Economic Report