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翻译： The intense heat involved in the welding process influences the microstructure of both the weld metal and the parent metal close to the fusion boundary (the boundary between solid and liquid metal). As such, the welding cycle influences the mechanical properties of the joint. The molten weld pool is rapidly cooled since the metals being joined act as an efficient heat sink. This cooling results in the weld metal having a chill cast microstructure. In the welding of structural steels, the weld filler metal does not usually have the same composition as the parent metal. If the compositions were the same, the rapid cooling could result in hard and brittle phases, e.g. martensite, in the weld metal microstructure. This problem is avoided by using weld filler metals with a lower carbon content than the parent steel. 资料来源 360毕业设计网 HYPERLINK The parent metal close to the molten weld pool is heated rapidly to a temperature which depends on the distance from the fusion boundary. Close to the fusion boundary, peak temperatures near the melting point are reached, whilst material only a few millimetres away may only reach a few hundred degrees Celsius. The parent material close to the fusion boundary is heated into the austenite phase field. On cooling, this region transforms to a microstructure which is different from the rest of the parent material. In this region the cooling rate is usually rapid, and hence there is a tendency towards the formation of low temperature transformation structures, such as bainite and martensite, which are harder and more brittle than the bulk of the parent metal. This region is known as the heat affected zone (HAZ). The microstructure of the HAZ is influenced by three factors: The chemical composition of the parent metal. The heat input rate during welding. The cooling rate in the HAZ after welding. The chemical composition of the parent metal is important since it determines the hardenability of the HAZ. The heat input rate is s