财政学双语第4章.pptVIP

Cosumers’ or producers’surplus Exercises Diagram the effects of taxing on commodity A on consumer and producer surplus. Qd=20-2P Qs=5+1P T=t Market failure Market can work well, price is necessity.in the market,every commodity has price. But in reality, there exist some commodities without price. Result of commodity without price 大梅沙公园是深圳东部的公共海滩公园，每逢节假日都有很多游人来到这里，享受阳光、海风和美好风景。无疑，大梅沙公园，它可以同时给很多人带来欢乐和幸福。　　但是近来由于游人增多，而公园的服务水平却没有相应跟上，造成环境污染严重，公园内脏乱不堪，吸引力大大下降。 a classical example beacon Chapter 4 - Public Goods Public Finance Let’s compare their characters Clothing and street ——consuming it need buy it? ——if you are consuming it,others can’t consume it? ——its good can be divided? Public Goods Defined Pure public goods share two characteristics Nonrival – Cost of another person consuming the good is zero Nonexcludable – Very expensive to prevent others from consuming the good Nondivisibility — the utility that consuming it produces can’t be cut one-by-one. Examples of Public and Private Goods They are public goods or private goods? National defense Fireworks display open pound freeway Pizza High education services Public housing Impure Public Goods Most goods that are thought of as public goods may not strictly satisfy the nonrival or nonexcludable assumption. A scenic view is a public good without congestion, but the quality diminishes as more the number of sightseers increases. Thus, a scenic view becomes rival. Distinguish? public goods Rival excludable divisibility no no no — pure public goods no no yes — public resources yes no yes — impure public goods (mixed goods) yes no no clud goods (after saturation) ) Attention:a comparison Everyone consumes same quantity of public good,so