国际商务PPT第六章.ppt

International Business 9e By Charles W.L. Hill Chapter 6 International Trade Theory Why Is Free Trade Beneficial? Free trade - a situation where a government does not attempt to influence through quotas or duties what its citizens can buy from another country or what they can produce and sell to another country Trade theory shows why it is beneficial for a country to engage in international trade even for products it is able to produce for itself Why Is Free Trade Beneficial? International trade allows a country to specialize in the manufacture and export of products and services that it can produce efficiently import products and services that can be produced more efficiently in other countries limits on imports may be beneficial to producers, but not beneficial for consumers Why Do Certain Patterns Of Trade Exist? Some patterns of trade are fairly easy to explain it is obvious why Saudi Arabia exports oil, Ghana exports cocoa, and Brazil exports coffee But, why does Switzerland export chemicals, pharmaceuticals, watches, and jewelry? Why does Japan export automobiles, consumer electronics, and machine tools? What Role Does Government Have In Trade? The mercantilist philosophy makes a crude case for government involvement in promoting exports and limiting imports Smith, Ricardo, and Heckscher-Ohlin promote unrestricted free trade New trade theory and Porter’s theory of national competitive advantage justify limited and selective government intervention to support the development of certain export-oriented industries What Is Mercantilism? Mercantilism (mid-16th century) suggests that it is in a country’s best interest to maintain a trade surplus -to export more than it imports advocates government intervention to achieve a surplus in the balance of trade Mercantilism views trade as a zero-sum game - one in which a gain by one country results in a loss by another What Is Smith’s Theory Of Absolute Advantage? Adam Smith (1776) argued