苹果的几个种的介绍英文版.pptVIP

Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) a.k.a. Malus pumila P. Mill. Taxonomy Family: Rosaceae Subfamily: Maloideae (with pears) Genus: Malus (40 sp.) Section: Malus Series: Malus Species: domestica Importance World’s most important temperate fruit crop: 63 million tons/yr. Leading producers in 2004: China 18.7 Mtons (4 Mtons in 1990), United States 6 Mtons, Russia, Germany, Japan Malus domestica - the specifics Woody, long-lived tree Unlike congeners, extreme heterozygosity, does not breed true. Single parental event yields massive variation in fruit color, size, taste, flower color, thorns, tree habit, so… Cultivars must be vegetatively propagated – “instant domestication” Perfect, self-incompatible flowers. n = 17. Most congeners and cultivars 2n, some 3n, 4n. 3 Stories of Domestication ‘Compilospecies’ – conventional wisdom until c. 1990. Eurasian origin, somewhere/everywhere Malus sieversii Roem. – Vavilov 1930. Harris, Robinson, Juniper 2002. Central Asian origin BREAKING!! Malus sylvestris Mill. – Coart et al. 2006. European origin? ‘Compilospecies’ hypothesis In Maloideae, hybridization between genera not rare (e.g. Malus x Pyrus) In Malus, species boundaries fuzzy, some hybrids occur M. domestica may (or may not) readily hybridize with sympatric congeners M. sieversii hypothesis As the Tien Shan Mountains rose and the Gobi and Taklamakan Deserts grew, ancestral Malus populations were isolated Among a very diverse population making up as much as 80% of the forest, Some wild fruits are indistinguishable from cultivars Selection by bears? Human-mediated dispersal along Silk Road trade routes (but not by current residents) (Juniper and Mabberley 2006) M. sieversii hypothesis As the Tien Shan Mountains rose and the Gobi and Taklamakan Deserts grew, ancestral Malus populations were isolated Among a very diverse population making up as much as 80% of the forest, Some wild fruits are indistinguishable from cultivars Selection by bear