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语言学教程 知识点总结
What is linguistics?
definition: Linguistics is generally defined as scientific study of language.
1What is language? Language can be generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication
The main features of language:
Language is a system. Elements of language are arranged according to rules; can抰 be combined at will. e.g. *bkli, *I apple eat.
Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it denotes, e .g. “pen” by any other name is the thing we use to write with.
language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages; writing system came much later than spoken form.
Language is human-specific . It is different from the communication systems other forms of life possess,
e.g. bird songs, bee dance, animal cries.
symbolic---- words are associated with objects, actions and ideas by convention.
“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”----Shakespeare
Design Features of Language?
Design features?refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication
;
Design features
Arbitrariness
Duality
Productivity/Creativity
Displacement
Arbitrariness at the syntactic level: language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level.
He came in and sat down.
He sat down and came in.
He sat down after he came in.
The link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention
Saussure: the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning (No logical
connection between sounds and meanings.)
Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning, even with onomatopoeic words:
The dog barks bow wow in English but “汪汪汪” in Chinese.
Duality refers to the property of language with two levels of structure, one of sounds and the other of meanings. At one level, the sounds, which are meaningless in isolation, can be grouped and regrouped into units of meaning.For
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