Linguistics Chapter 5 Semantics：Talk 2概要1.pptVIP

4.3 Semantic relationships between sentences (1)?? X entails Y (2)?? X presupposes Y (3)?? X is synonymous with Y (4)?? X is inconsistent with Y (5) X implies Y (6)?? X is a contradiction (7)?? X is semantically anomalous 4.3.1 Entailment （蕴含/衍推） EX1 a. That person is a bachelor. b. ENTAILS: That person is a man. If knowing that one sentence is true gives us certain knowledge of the truth of the second sentence, then the first sentence entails the second. Entailment is concerned with meaning of the sentence itself. We do not have to check any fact in the world to deduce the entailed sentence from the entailing sentence. 两个句子中如果有一个对应的语言单位是上下位概念，这两个句子就是蕴含关系。 In terms of truth value, if a entails b: X Y T T F T or F T or F T F F Entailment is a relation of inclusion. If X entails Y, then the meaning of X is included in Y. If X is true, Y is necessarily true; if X is false, Y may be true or false. More EXS a. The man bought a dog today. b. The man bought an animal today. a. Janet plays the fiddle. b. Someone plays a musical instrument. a. He has been to France. b. He has been to Europe. a. Marry has been to Beijing. b. Marry has been to China. 4.3.2 presupposition预设 EX(1) a. John’s son is an engineer. b. John has a son. The speaker or writer always assumes that the hearer/reader already knows something of that he is going to say or write. This “something” often becomes the presupposition前提of a sentence. If a presupposes b, b is the prerequisite of a. In terms of truth value, if a presupposes b, a b T T F