心理学史第六章.pptVIP

五、拉施里的大脑机制论 卡尔·拉施里(1890—1958)是华生在霍普金斯大学的学生。1915年他在该校获博士学位。他先后在明尼苏达、芝加哥和哈佛大学执教。最后在伊尔克斯灵长类生物学实验室工作。他以对动物的脑摘除的研究闻名于世。 拉施里打着反对主观主义的旗帜，坚持其师承的行为主义立场。他认为心理学不应当把意识作为研究对象，因为意识是不可以被经验到的。人们所经验的只是作为意识内容的客观事物本身，而不是意识。所以，他也反对内省法，否定由内省获得的各种意识活动。 ? * * * * * * * * * Variable-Interval?Schedule Definition: In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement where a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed. This schedule produces a slow, steady rate of response.  Variable-Ratio?Schedule Definition: In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement where a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses. This schedule creates a high steady rate of responding. Gambling and lottery games are good examples of a reward based on a variable ratio schedule.  What Is?Behaviorism? Definition: A term referring to the school of psychology founded by John B. Watson based on the belief that behaviors can be measured, trained, and changed. Behaviorism was established with the publication of Watsons classic paper Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It (1913). Behaviorism holds that only observable behaviors should be studied, as cognition and mood are too subjective. According to behaviorist theory, our responses to environmental stimuli shapes our behaviors. Important concepts such as classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and reinforcement have arisen from behaviorism. Contributions to Psychology Watson set the stage for behaviorism, which soon rose to dominate psychology. While behaviorism began to lose its hold after 1950, many of the concepts and principles are still widely used today. Conditioning and behavior modification are still widely used in therapy and behavioral training to help clients change problematic behaviors and develop new skills. The consequences of behavior determine the probability that the behavior will occur again --B. F. Skinner B.F. Skinner described his Pennsylvania childhood as warm and stable. As a b