植物营养元素的土壤化学--绪论(英文和中文).pptVIP

Significant reductions of nutrient surpluses can only be achieved by managing a variety of intrinsic ecosystem processes at multiple scales to recouple elemental cycles. Rather than focusing solely on soluble, inorganic plant-available pools, an ecosystem-based approach would seek to optimize organic and mineral reservoirs with longer mean residence times that can be accessed through microbially and plant-mediated processes. Too much Too little N Low production Environmental pollution Farmer profit reduced Farmer profit reduced N inputs (including fertilizer) is essential for food security. Modified from Powlson D, 2008 Synchronism between fertilizer and soil supply and plant N demand significantly improve the efficiency of fertilizer-N uptake by the crop and decreases the losses. Soil organic matter NO3- N fertilizer N mineralization and immobilization in soil Plant and animal residues NH4+ Soil organic matter NH4+ Soil organic matter NH4+ Soil organic matter NO3- NH4+ Soil organic matter Leaching N2O NH3 Mineralization Microbial biomass Immobilization The soil C pool is 3.3 times the size of the atmospheric pool (760 Gt) and 4.5 times the size of the biotic pool (560Gt). (Lal R. Science, 2004) Sequestration of C in soils not only removes excess CO2 from the air, but also improves soils by augmenting organic matter, an energy and nutrient source for biota. Sequestration of C in soils is often seen as a ‘win-win’ proposition Janzen HH. 2006. The soil carbon dilemma: Shall we hoard it or use it? SBB, 38:419-424 The soil carbon dilemma Organic matter CO2 Plant, and C sequestration Nutrients mineralization immobilization (C, N, P, et al.) Increase food production minimizing the negative environmental impacts ( Greenhouse emission) In Denmark, Since 1985 it has introduced a series of Actions Plans and evaluations. By 2002, the use of inorganic fertilisers had decreased by 49%, the total N surplus had decreased by 37% and the P surplus by 44%, the measured nitrate