细胞信号3.ppt

Cell Biology Questions 1. How would overexpression of protein phosphatase1 affect the induction of cAMP-inducible genes in response to hormone stimulation of appropriate target cell? Would protein phosphatase 1 affect the function of cAMP-gated ion channels involved in odorant reception? Protein phosphatases serve to terminate the responses initiated by receptor activation of protein kinases. Questions 2. Protein kinase C-α(PKC-α)and protein kinase C-ε(PKC-ε) are two different members of the protein kinase C family, which differ in their regulation. PKC-αrequires both Ca2+ and diacylglycerol for activation, whereas PKC-εrequires only diacylglycerol. How would hydrolysis of the phospholipids PIP2 and phosphatidylcholine by phospholipase C affect the activities of these different PKC family members? 3.4 Ras, Raf, and the MAP kinase Pathways 1. The MAP kinase pathway refers to a cascade of protein kinases that are highly conserved in evolution and play central roles in signal transduction in all eukaryotic cells, ranging from yeasts to humans. 2. The central elements in the pathway are a family of protein-serine/threonine kinases called the MAP kinases that are activated in response to a variety of growth factors and other signaling molecules. 3.4 Ras, Raf, and the MAP kinase Pathways 3. The best-characterized forms of MAP kinase in mammalian cells belong to the ERK . ERK activation plays a central role in signaling cell proliferation induced by growth factors. Activation of the ERK MAP kinases 3.4 Ras, Raf, and the MAP kinase Pathways 5. The Ras proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that function analogously to the a subunits of G proteins, alternating between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound forms . 3.4 Ras, Raf, and the MAP kinase Pathways 6.Ras activation is mediated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEF) that stimulate the release of bound GDP and its exchange for GTP. Activity of the Ras-GTP complex is then terminated by GTP hydro