传染病 概论 英文.pptVIP

Principles of Infectious Disease Terminology Pathology: study of disease Etiology: cause of disease Pathogenesis: disease process Infection: colonization by microbe Disease: illness Microbe-Host Interactions Normal Microbiota/Flora Compete for living space and nutrients with pathogens Mutualism: they get space and food, we get vitamins and protection from pathogens Biofilms of microbes cooperate in attachment Opportunistic Pathogens Organisms that cause disease when they enter different environment Staphylococcus aureus enters break in skin Escherichia coli enters peritoneal cavity from burst appendix Clostridium difficile colonizes intestines when normal flora have been killed by antibiotics Disease Etiology: Koch’s Postulates Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates Some bacteria and viruses cannot be cultivated in pure culture Some pathologies are caused by several organisms: nephritis, pneumonia, meningitis, peritonitis “-itis” = inflammation Some organisms cause several diseases (Staphylococcus aureus) Ethical considerations Microbe of the Day Bacillus anthracis Gram positive rod Survives in soil as spores Infects hoofed animals First bacterium proven to cause specific disease Anthrax Primarily a disease of domesticated and wild hoofed animals Human infection arises from contact with diseased animals or carcasses Anthrax in Herbivores May be listless or without appetite After death, bleeding from body cavities In US, incidence higher along old cattle drive routes Human Anthrax Infections Cutaneous Respiratory Gastrointestinal Anthrax Disease Not spread person-to-person (not contagious) Most common in countries without veterinary public health programs NOW – germ warfare threat Infection Portals of Entry Skin Gastrointestinal Tract Respiratory Urogenital Via Placenta Parenteral (injection, bite) Attachment Fimbriae Glycocalyx Hooks Suction discs Viral spike Surviving Host Defenses Additional Virulence Factors More Terminology Signs: measurable changes Symptoms: patie