北医本科课件《医学微生物学》鲁凤民 细菌的遗传与变异.pdfVIP

北京大学医学部北京大学医学部 Peking University Health Science Center 细菌的遗传与变异细菌的遗传与变异 Heredity and variation of bacteria 鲁凤民鲁凤民 教授教授 微生物学系微生物学系 病理楼病理楼328328室室 Lu.fengmin@ 8208513682085136 Some Concepts of Genetics 遗传(heredity): 细菌的性状如形态结构、新陈 代谢代谢、致病性致病性、免疫性和对药物的敏感性等性免疫性和对药物的敏感性等性 状都是由细菌的遗传物质所决定，并在子代与 亲代中表现相同的特性亲代中表现相同的特性。 变异(variation): 子代与亲代之间以及子代与子 代之间出现差异则代之间出现差异则。 基因型变异(genotypic variation): 由细菌 遗传物质结构发生改变引起的变异遗传物质结构发生改变引起的变异，这种新这种新 获得的性状可稳定地传给后代。 表型变异表型变异((phenotypicphenotypic variation):variation): 由于外界由于外界 环境条件的作用引起变异，遗传物质的结构 未改变未改变，不能传给后代不能传给后代。 Molecular genetics Although genes were known to exist on chromosomes, chromosomes are composed of both protein and DNA— scientists did not know which of these is responsible for inheritanceinheritance. InIn FrederickFrederick GriffithGriffith discovereddiscovered thethe phenomenon of transformation: dead bacteria could transfertransfer geneticgenetic materialmaterial toto transformtransform otherother stillstill-livingliving bacteria. Sixteen years later, in 1944, Oswald Theodore Avery, Colin McLeod and Maclyn McCarty identified the molecule responsible for transformation as DNA. The Hershey-Chase experiment in 1952 also showed that DNA (rather than protein) is the genetic material of the viruses that infect bacteria, providing further evidence that DNA isis thethe moleculemolecule responsibleresponsible forfor inheritanceinheritance. /wiki/Genetics 微生物遗传学研究奠定了现代遗传学的基础 细菌的遗传物质细菌的遗传物质细菌的遗传物质细菌的遗传物质 GeneticGeneticGeneticGenetic materialsmaterialsmaterialsmaterials ofofofof bacteriabacteriabacteriabacteria 染色体染色体(chromosome)(chromosome) 质粒质粒(plasmid)(plasmid) 前噬菌体前噬菌体(prophage)(prophage) 转座子转座子转座子转座子(tra