电子科学与技术专业英语(微电子技术分册)第一章译文.docVIP

——电材专业英语课文翻译 Semiconductor Materials 1.1 Energy Bands and Carrier Concentration 1.1.1 Semiconductor Materials Solid-state materials can be grouped into three classes—insulators(绝缘体）, semiconductors, and conductors. Figure 1-1 shows the electrical conductivities δ (and the corresponding resistivities ρ≡1/δ)associated with(相关） some important materials in each of three classes. Insulators such as fused（熔融） quartz and glass have very low conductivities, in the order of 1E-18 to 1E-8 S/cm; ?固态材料可分为三种：绝缘体、半导体和导体。图1－1 给出了在三种材料中一些重要材料相关的电阻值（相应电导率ρ≡1/δ)。绝缘体如熔融石英和玻璃具有很低电导率，在10-18 到10-8 S/cm; and conductors such as aluminum and silver have high conductivities, typically from 104 to 106 S/cm. Semiconductors have conductivities between those of insulators and those of conductors. The conductivity of a semiconductor is generally sensitive to temperature, illumination（照射） , magnetic field, and minute amount of impurity atoms. This sensitivity in conductivity makes the semiconductor one of the most important materials for electronic applications. 导体如铝和银有高的电导率，典型值从104到106S/cm;而半导体具有的电导率介乎于两者之间。半导体的电导率一般对温度、光照、磁场和小的杂质原子非常敏感。在电导率上的敏感变化使得半导体材料称为在电学应用上为最重要的材料。 The study of semiconductor materials began in early nineteenth century. Over the years many semiconductors have been investigated. Table 1 show a portion（部分) of the periodic(周期） table related to semiconductors. The element semiconductors, those composed of single species of atoms, such as silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge), can be found in Column Ⅳ. However, numerous compound semiconductors are composed of two or more elements. For example, gallium arsenide (GaAs) is a Ⅲ-Ⅴ compound that is a combination（合成） of gallium (Ga) from Column Ⅲ and arsenic (As) from Column Ⅴ. 早在19世纪人们已经开始研究半导体材料。多年来人们研究了很多半导体材料。表1给出了与半导体相关的周期表中的部分元素。由单种元素组成的单质半导体如硅和锗在第Ⅳ族。而大量的化合物半导体有两个甚至更多元素组成。如GaAs是Ⅲ-Ⅴ化合物是由Ⅲ族的Ga和Ⅴ族的As化合而得。 Prior to the invention of the bipolar transistor（双极二极管） in 1947,semiconductors were used only as two-terminal（电极） devices, such