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第3章3.2 医用天然高分子材料Natural polymeric biomaterials? Polypeptides (Proteins)-- a chain of amino acids attached by the peptide bond? Polysaccharides (Carbohydrates)-- a chain of sugar/monosaccharide units attached by theglycosidic bond? Application examplesRatner BD, et al., Biomaterials Science, 2nd edition, 2004. pp128.1General Functions of Biological Polymers– Proteins· Structural (fibrous proteins)· Biological catalysts (enzymes)· Recognition (immunoglobulins)– Carbohydrates· Energy storage (starch, glycogen)· Structural (cellulose cell walls or chitin exoskeletons)· Recognition (carbohydrates of glycoproteins and glycolipids)– Nucleic Acids· Information storage (genome)· Translational molecules (mRNA & tRNA)· Biological catalysts (RNA ribozymes)Proteins· Made from monomers called amino acids· Very different structures, very different functionsHOAminogroupH2NCRCOHCarboxylgroupSide chainAmino acids are made of the five elements C H O N S2The R groups of anamino acid may behydrophobic orhydrophilicAmino acids are joined together by adehydration reactionH2NHCHCarboxylgroupOCOH+AminogroupHNHHCCH3COOHH O H HH2N C C N C CH CH3PeptidebondOOHH2O3Many amino acids joined together = Polypeptide chainN-terminusC-terminusH HO H HO HHO H HO HHO H HO H HOH HOHNCC NCCNCCN CCN CC N CC NCC N CCOHHCH3CH2CH2CH2CHCH2CH2OHC OHH3CCH3SHOOHAlanineAspartic acidValineCysteineGlycineSerinePhenylalanineTyrosineProteins have multi-level structures …Primary structure (1?)-- The sequence of amino acidsfrom N- to C-terminus in apolypeptide chain-- Ultimately determines all higherorder structure and function-- Driven and stabilized by covalentbonds4Secondary structure (2?)-- Local, spatial interactions in terms of forming hydrogenbonds between the C=O groups and the N-H groups inthe polypeptide backbone.-- Not usually a determinant of function-- The two secondary structures (regular sub-structures):?-helix and??-sheetBoth the alpha-helixand the beta-sheetrepresent a way ofsaturating all the
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