the basal ganglia and motor control基底神经节和运动控制.pdfVIP

NEURAL PLASTICITY VOLUME 10, NO. 1-2, 2003 The Basal Ganglia and Motor Control Henk J. Groenewegen Department ofAnatomy, Research Institute Neurosciences Vrije Universiteit, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION This paper briefly reviews the functional Voluntary (intended) movements as well as anatomy of the basal ganglia and their unintentional movements are based on spatial and relationships with the thalamocortical system. temporal patterns of muscle contractions that are The basal ganglia, including the striatum, initiated and coordinated by different structures in pallidum, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia the central nervous system. The fine-tuning of nigra, are involved in a number of parallel, these structures and the neuronal networks that are functionally segregated cortical-subcortical involved in motor execution are essential for the circuits. These circuits support a wide range of expression of adequate motor behavior. Most of sensorimotor, cognitive and emotional- our skilled movements, as well as our complex motivational brain functions. A main role of the behaviors, have been learned in the course of basal ganglia is the learning and selection of the development and have to be ’maintained’ during most appropriate motor or behavioral adult life. Although in this extended, lifelong programs. The internal functional organization learning process extensive parts