the cardiorenal syndrome a reviewcardiorenal综合症.pdfVIP

SAGE-Hindawi Access to Research International Journal of Nephrology Volume 2011, Article ID 920195, 11 pages doi:10.4061/2011/920195 Review Article The Cardiorenal Syndrome: A Review B. N. Shah1 and K. Greaves2 1 Department of Cardiology, Wessex Cardiothoracic Centre, Southampton University Hospital, Southampton, UK 2 Department of Cardiology, Poole General Hospital and Bournemouth University, Longfleet Road, Poole, Dorset BH15 2JB, UK Correspondence should be addressed to K. Greaves, kim.greaves@poole.nhs.uk Received 13 September 2010; Accepted 21 November 2010 Academic Editor: Mitchell H. Rosner Copyright © 2011 B. N. Shah and K. Greaves. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is the umbrella term used to describe clinical conditions in which cardiac and renal dysfunctions coexist. Much has been written on this subject, but underlying pathophysiological mechanisms continue to be unravelled and implications for management continue to be debated. A classification system—incorporating five subtypes—has recently been proposed though it has yet to permeate into day-to-day clinical practice. CRS has garnered much attention from both the cardiological and nephrological communities since the condition is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Renal dysfunction is highly prevalent amongst patients with heart failure and has been shown to be as powerful and independent a marker of adverse prognosis as ejection fraction. Similarly, patients with renal failure are considerably more likely to suffer cardiovascular disease than matched subjects f