初二下册一（A second book）.doc

初二下册一（A second book） Review information 1: knowledge outline Fifth, the arrival of industrial civilization The main point of knowledge courses each lesson should master the subdirectories Lesson one The rise of industry and Commerce The factory developed from here; 1., the difference between workshops and handicraft workshops; the relation between workshops, handicraft workshops and factories; In 2 and fourteenth Century, handicraft workshops were first appeared in Italy, and the Ming and Qing dynasties also appeared in china; 3, the significance of the emergence and development of handicraft workshops; but Western Europe is still in the agricultural society Merchant status changed in 1 and sixteenth Century merchant status (prominent economic status, high political status) 2, the relationship between the Pro business policy and the change of merchant status The changes of businessmen, nobles and peasants in Western Europe in 3 and sixteenth Century Second lessons Break through the cage of thought Monalisas smile (Renaissance) 14---16 century 1, the Renaissance, originated in Italy in Fourteenth Century, and later influenced Western Europe 2, representatives of the Renaissance movement --- Da Vinci, Shakespeare 3, the nature and significance of the Renaissance and the core thought of the humanistic spirit The liberation of the papal cow (reformation) 1. The origin of the name of the Popes cows. 2. Leader of the reformation, Luther 3, the religious reform movement made Germany embark on the road of independent development The birth of modern science (modern science revolution) - 1 Bacon Copernicus 2 knowledge is power - beginning heliocentric theory of the scientific revolution 3, Bruno --- universe infinite theory 4, Newton ---- physical mechanics (gravitation) Light of reason The 17-18 century Enlightenment 1, 17 - eighteenth Century, the center of Western European Enlightenment is France 2, the standard bearer of the Enlightenment: Voltaire (human rights), Roussea