第3章 现代通信系统_信道与系统分析.ppt

A2：空间分集：提高链路可靠性、功率效率 分集：典型的分集技术包括时间分集、频率分集及空间分集(也称天线分集) 在传统的蜂窝移动通信系统中，空间分集的优势没能充分发挥，其应用领域仅局限在接收分集方面。 Diversity Gain Intuitively, the more independently fading, identical copies of a given signal the receiver is provided with, the faster the bit error rate (BER) decreases as a function of the per signal SNR. At high SNR values, it has been shown that where d represents the diversity gain Definition: Time selective fading (due to Doppler spread) Space selective fading (due to delay spread) abcdefghijklmnopq Frequency selective fading (due to delay spread) Fading in Time, Frequency and Space Frequency selective fading (due to delay spread) Signaling over Fading Wireless channels Frequency diversity Time diversity: Channel coding and interleaving. Antenna diversity diversity techniques aeimqbfjncskodhlp Diversity Gain Principle: provide the receiver with multiple identical copies of a given signal to combat fading gain in instantaneous SNR Diversity Options in Wireless Channels Receive replicas of signal via independently fading channels Time diversity Channel coding + interleaving Not effective in slow fading Frequency diversity The fact that signals transmitted over different frequencies induce different multipath structures is exploited OFDM, frequency hopping, RAKE receivers, equalizers Not effective in flat fading Space (antenna) diversity Multiple transmit/receive antennas that are spatially separated or differently polarized No penalty in bandwidth efficiency Space Diversity: Receive Diversity Multiple receive antennas that are well separated to generate independent receptions of the transmitted signal Selection diversity: choose the antenna with the largest SNR Switch diversity: choose an alternate antenna if the SNR falls below a certain threshold Linear combining: linearly combine a weighted replica of all received signals - EGC, MRC, MMSE Dramatic improvement even with two branch selection diversity Hard to implement in mobile han