十九、替代（substitution）.ppt

十九、替代（substitution） Substitution is a grammatical device for avoiding repetition and achieving textual cohesion. There are three kinds of substitution: nominal substitution, verbal substitution, and clausal substitution, and therefore three kinds of substitutes: nominal substitutes, verbal substitutes, and clausal substitutes. 1、名词性替代（Nominal substitution) A) What is nominal substitution Nominal substitution means the replacement of a noun or a noun phrase by a nominal substitute(名词性替代词）, eg: If you want a typewriter, they will provide you with one. There are good films as well as bad ones. He doesn’t like this book. Show him a more interesting one. Nominal substitutes include such items as “one, ones, the same, the kind, the sort”, eg: Slang disappears quickly, especially the juvenile sort (青少年俚语） . Nominal substitutes also include some indefinite pronouns, such as “all, both, some, any, enough, several, none, many, much, (a) few, (a) little, the other, others, another, either, neither”, etc, eg: Can you get me some nails? I need some. I don’t want any more food. I’ve had enough. B) Use of one/ones as substitutes a) “one” 通常可用来替代上文中出现过的可数名词或以可数名词为中心词的整个名词词组，既可指人，也可指物。 例如： The grey horse is stronger than the black one. (one=horse) I lose a neighbour and you gain one. (one=a neighbour) 替代词“one”的复数形式是 “ones”，只能替代复数可数名词，既可指人，也可指物。例如： The new design is much better than the old ones. (ones=designs) There were a few young people with some older ones in the house. (ones=people) one/ones作为替代词只能用以替代可数名词，不可用来替代不可数名词。例如不可以说： It’s cheaper to buy old furniture than to have new one made. (╳) If you haven’t got fresh milk, I’ll take some tinned ones.(╳) 在上述两例中，应该分别重复furniture和milk两个词，而不能用one和ones来替代。 b) 当替代词one用以替代名词词组中心词时，它通常有限定词，但是，不定冠词和物主限定词通常不可以直接位于替代词one之前。在不定冠词和物主 限定词之后通常须跟有形容词或其他前置修饰语，随后才可用替代词one。比如可以说： Can I have a melon? I’d like a big one. Your car isn’t fast enough. Let’s take his new one. 而不可以说： …I’d like a one. (╳) …Let’s take his one. (╳) 在both和own之后