第一章 绪论gai.pptVIP

摩尔定律 * 反摩尔定律 反摩尔定律是Google的前CEO埃里克.施密特提出的：如果你反过来看摩尔定律，一个IT公司如果今天和18个月前卖掉同样多的、同样的产品，它的营业额就要降一半。IT界把它称为反摩尔定律。 反摩尔定律逼着所有的硬件设备公司必须赶上摩尔定律所规定的更新速度，否则将面临被收购，如SUN（Oracle） * 设计技术 将大脑中所构思的系统转化成现实 Libraries/IP: Incorporates pre-designed implementation from lower abstraction level into higher level. System specification Behavioral specification RT specification Logic specification To final implementation Compilation/Synthesis: Automates exploration and insertion of implementation details for lower level. Test/Verification: Ensures correct functionality at each level, thus reducing costly iterations between levels. Compilation/ Synthesis Libraries/ IP Test/ Verification System synthesis Behavior synthesis RT synthesis Logic synthesis Hw/Sw/ OS Cores RT components Gates/ Cells Model simulat./ checkers Hw-Sw cosimulators HDL simulators Gate simulators * 设计效率呈指数增长 在过去的几十年，统计出的设计效率表现出呈指数增长的特点。 100,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 1983 1981 1987 1989 1991 1993 1985 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 Productivity (K) Trans./Staff – Mo. * 协同设计的方法 从前 软件设计技术和硬件设计技术相距甚远 现如今，成熟的综合技术使设计者应用软硬件统一的设计视角进行设计 软硬件协同设计 为实现特定功能采取的软硬件协同设计技术，实质上也是一种参考了各个设计参数的折衷设计，如性能、尺寸、功耗、灵活性和NRE成本等。到底是用软件实现还是用硬件？如果都能实现预期功能，其实也没有本质的不同。 * 协同设计的方法 Implementation Assembly instructions Machine instructions Register transfers Compilers (1960s,1970s) Assemblers, linkers (1950s, 1960s) Behavioral synthesis (1990s) RT synthesis (1980s, 1990s) Logic synthesis (1970s, 1980s) Microprocessor plus program bits: “software” VLSI, ASIC, or PLD implementation: “hardware” Logic gates Logic equations / FSMs Sequential program code (e.g., C, VHDL) * 处理器和IC技术的独立性 基本的折衷 通用 VS 定制 就IC技术和处理器而言，这两者是互相独立的 General-purpose processor ASIP Single- purpose processor Semi-custom PLD Full-custom General, providing improved: Customized, providing improved: Power efficiency Performance Size Cost (high volume) Flexibility Maintainability NRE cost Time- to-prototype Time-to-market Cost (low volume) * 设计效率的差距 IC设计效率与芯片容量的差距越来越大 1981年,完成一个