c初中阅读教学的目标设定与达成(杨晓钰)(课件).pptVIP

People construct meaning based on their own experience and knowledge. Therefore, we may get very different impression about the same picture we are looking at. If the students fail to understand the nature of reading, they will adopt inappropriate and ineffective reading strategies; if teachers fail to do so, they will be unable to help the students to develop effective reading skills. 1. Reading is an active process. It constantly involves guessing, predicting, checking and asking oneself questions. 2. Reading is the ability to understand the written words and respond to them in proper ways. 3. Reading means getting meaning out of a given text. How do you read? A. 自下而上的模式 (the bottom-up model) The reader builds up the meaning of a text on the basis of decoding smaller units: first words, and phrases, then sentences and paragraphs, and finally working out the meaning of the whole text. 阅读者从最小的单位：字母和单词识别开始，逐步弄懂较大的语言单位：短语、分句、句子和语篇的意义。这就是阅读理解自下而上的模式。依照这个模式去理解阅读过程，教师在教授阅读时，主要任务就是帮助学生解决语言上的障碍，即弄清词、短语和句子的意义。这个模式低估了阅读者的主动作用。 B. 从上而下的模式 (the top-down model) The reader uses his or her knowledge of the topic or of the type of the text and makes predictions about what the text will contain, then these predictions are checked by reading and trying to understand the text. 阅读者在阅读过程中，是主动的参与者，他们并不是逐字逐句地去理解，而是结合自己的预测，在文章中找出有关的信息，来验证自己的预测。这就是从上而下的模式。按照这个模式，阅读不但需要语言知识，而且需要有关客观世界的背景知识。一些学者认为从上而下的模式强调用某些背景知识或文中的提示来对意义进行预测，而对较低层次的能力如快速、准确地对词汇和语法结构等别的能力有所忽视。 C. 相互作用的模式 (the interactive model) The reader uses bottom-up and top-down ways together, and the two ways interact with each other in the understanding of a text. The reader may shift from one focus to another during the process. That means he might predict the context of the text by using his knowledge of the topic (top-down), then look for key words (bottom –up) to check the prediction, or get the main gist of the text by skimming it quickly (top-down) and exami