APS 统计、西经、会计(英语).docx

统计学Statistics is the study of the collection, organization, analysis, and interpretation of data.1.统计变量集中趋势的测定：To measure the central tendency of statistical variables.Statistical indicators: arithmetic mean(distinguished from the geometric mean or harmonic mean), weighted average, mode, median…2.统计变量离散程度的判定：To measure the dispersion degree of the statistical variables.[vε?ri?bl]Statistical indicators: range, average deviation(平均差), variance, standard deviationVariance: it is a measure of how far a set of numbers are spread out from each other.Standard deviation: It shows how much variation or dispersion there is from the average.3.抽样分布：In statistics, a sampling distribution is the probability distribution of a given statistic based on a random sample.标准误差：Standard error---The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the statistic is referred to as the standard error of that quantity.4.参数估计：Parameter estimation is the process that uses the samples from a population to estimate the parameter of the population, such as the population mean, the population variance, etc.5.假设检验：Statistical hypothesis testing is making a hypothesis about the parameter or distribution of a population in advance, then using the sample information to determine whether the hypothesis is reasonable or not.显著性水平：The amount of evidence required to accept that an event is unlikely to have arisen by chance is known as the significance level or critical p-value.Null/Alternate hypothesis: 零假设备择假设计量经济学Econometrics[i, k?n?’metriks] has been defined as the application of mathematics and statistical methods to economic data and described as the branch of economics that aims to give empirical[empirik?l] content to economic relations.相关分析：Correlation analysis—analyze the relationship between two variables—usually using the correlation coefficient to describe the relationship:R=1 perfect correlationR=0 uncorrelatedR is between 0 and 1: partial correlation回归分析：Regression analysis:linear re