Chapter Four英语词汇学PPT.ppt

Chapter Four ;;;;;;;The definition of Neologisms;The Sources of New Words;;;1. The rapid development of modern science and technology;;;;;;;;;;2. Political, economic and social changes;;;;;;e) sports and entertainment;;;;g) changes in social and domestic habits;;h) pollution;;The Formation of Neologisms;2. by adding new meanings to existing word;3. by borrowing words from other languages;A. From French;B. From German;C. From spanish;D. From Chinese;;E. From Japanese;F. From Italian;4. by analogy;Two main groups of analogy;5. by creating completely new coinages;Archaisms;The reasons for the disappearance of words;Obsolete words used at the present;;Causes of Changes in Meaning (P141);Historical causes;Social causes;Psychological causes;Linguistic causes;Four Tendencies in Semantic Changes;;Extension of meaning (Generalization);Example;Extension of Meaning 词义的扩大;A. From specific to general;B. From proper nouns to common nouns;C. From concrete to abstract;D. From technical terms to general words;Narrowing of meaning (Specialization);Example;Narrowing of Meaning词义的缩小;A. From general to specific;B. From abstract to concrete;C. From common nouns to proper nouns;;Elevation of Meaning (Amelioration) 词义的升华;;Degradation of Meaning (Deterioration)词义的降格;;Degradation of Meaning 词义的降格;;;;;Semantic Changes: Literal to Figurative;Metaphor隐喻，暗喻;;;Anthropomorphic metaphors拟人化隐喻;B. Animal metaphors;C. Synaesthetic (synesthetic) metaphors连觉/通感隐喻;;Metonymy转喻，换喻;;;;Synecdoche提喻;Euphemism委婉语;;;;;;Assignment;Point out where the following words came from?;