心理需要、动机与挫折.pptVIP

心理需要、动机与挫折Basic Needs, Motivation and Frustrations 复旦大学附属中山医院心理医学科 张红霞 需要（needs） 是个体对其生理和心理不平衡的一种反映，表现为对某种目标的渴求和欲望。它总是反映有机体内部环境和外部生活条件的某种要求，是反映客观需求的一种主观状态。 指向性、周期性、社会历史性。 需要的分类 起源：自然性，社会性。 对象：物质性，精神性，社会性。 需要的层次理论（Maslow’s hierarchy of need） 生理（Physiological needs） 安全（Safety needs ） 归属和爱（Social needs） 尊重与自我尊重（Self-esteem needs） 自我实现（Self actualization） 动机（motivation） 是引起人类行为的直接动力，能够发动和维持个体行为。是在需要的基础上产生的。 动机比目的更为内在，更为隐蔽、更能直接推动人去行动。 动机的3种功能（p45）：引发活动，维持活动，引导活动向目标进行。 动机的分类 原始性动机（Primary） 饥饿 渴 性 母性 瞌睡 好奇 衍生性动机（Secondary） 恐惧 亲合 攻击 Motivation-direction Action are directed In sight or future Not only reflex machine Control system Control system Feedback system Positive feedback system Negative feedback system Self regulation Homeostasis Claude Bernard: Internal environment Walter Cannon: Wisdom of the body Temperature regulation Temperature regulation Temperature control from within Vasodilatation, sweating, panting Vasoconstriction, shivering, fur-ruffling The autonomic nervous system The hypothalamus Temperature control by behavior Thirst Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Drink Volume receptors (amount, pressure) Osmoreceptors Hunger Signals for feeding Brain, stomach/intestine/liver, outside Hypothalamic control centers Dual-center theory, reconsidered Food selection Neophobic Obesity Body factors Metabolic efficiency Fat cell in the body Behavioral factors The externality hypothesis The restrained-eating hypothesis The setpoint hypothesis Anorexia and bulimia Anorexia nervosa Fear of being fat Fear of sex Rebellion against parents Bulimia nervosa Depression Contradictory attitudes toward foods Fear and rage Parasympathetic system Sympathetic system Galvanic skin response (GSR) Fight/flight Digestion/sexual behavior inhibited Sleep and waking Reticular activating system (RAS) Cortex-RAS-cortex circuit Sleep is one of the most powerful of motives EEG In common Level of stimulation Drive-reduction theory Optimum arousal above zero The opponent-process theory Pa