分子生物学导论（英汉对照）Chapter 1 Amino Acids to Proteins.pptVIP

In one case, covalent bonds can form between amino acids that are not adjacent in the polypeptide. This is only possible between two cysteines. Each cysteine has a sulfhydryl group (─SH). Two sulfhydryl groups can react to form a covalent bond, called a disulfide bond. The disulfide bond can hold distant parts of the protein together very tightly. 只有在一种情形下，共价键可以在多肽中并不相邻的两个氨基酸之间形成。这只有在半胱氨酸之间才有可能，半胱氨酸含有─SH基团。两个─SH基团反应形成共价键，称为二硫键，它能把蛋白质中相距很远的部分紧密地连接在一起。 We have already known that alpha helices and beta sheets are formed due to the existence of hydrogen bonds. Actually, hydrogen bonds can also form between individual amino acids when partially positive hydrogen atoms are near the partially negative oxygen or nitrogen atoms. 我们已经知道，α螺旋和β折叠就是由于氢键的作用才形成的。实际上，氢键还能在氨基酸上带部分正电荷的氢原子与带有部分负电荷的氧原子之间形成。 The second kind of physical interactions involved in protein folding is the hydrogen bond. Hydrogen bonding is the result of interactions between partial negative charges and partial positive charges. For example, in water molecules, the oxygen atom brings partial negative charge, and the hydrogen atoms bring partial positive charges. The interaction between these oxygen and hydrogen atoms forms the hydrogen bond. 蛋白质折叠中涉及的第二种物理相互作用是氢键。氢键形成是部分负电荷与部分正电荷之间相互作用的结果。例如，在水分子中，氧原子带有部分负电荷，而氢原子带有部分正电荷，这样的氧原子和氢原子之间的相互作用形成了氢键。 The third kind of physical interactions involved in protein folding is ionic bond. Ionic bonding is the result of interaction between two ions. Ions are atoms that have gained or lost one or more electrons and therefore have full positive or negative charges. Opposite charges attract each other. So, ions with opposite charges are pulled to each other, forming the ionic bond. 蛋白质折叠中涉及的第三种物理相互作用是离子键。离子键形成是因为两个离子之间相互作用的结果。离子是获得或失去了一个或多个电子的原子，它们具有完全的正电荷或负电荷。异性电荷互相吸引；相应地，具有相反电荷的离子也会被吸引到一起，形成离子键。 In proteins, most ionic bonds form between the amino acids with acidic R group and Basic R group. For example, glutamic acid has a negative charge, and lysine has a positive cha