Chapter 3 Conceptual metaphors and metonymies精选.pptVIP

Chapter 3 Conceptual metaphors and metonymies Defining metaphor At its most basic, metaphor is a rhetorical trope or a figure of speech, where a comparison is made between two seemingly unrelated objects without using like or as. It is a transference of one objects characteristics onto another. However, it is not to be confused with simile, metonymy, personification and so on so forth. Tenor and Vehicle A metaphor consists of two main parts: the tenor and the vehicle. The tenor is the subject to which the metaphor is applied. The vehicle is the metaphorical term through which the tenor is applied. These two parts come together to reach a point of similarity known as a ground. For Example: Life is a yo-yo. Its a series of ups and downs. Here, life is the tenor and yo-yo is the vehicle. The fact that both life and a yo-yo have ups and downs is the ground. A comparison of metonymy and metaphor The last two paragraphs at P115. Types of contiguity-relations in metonymies. Figure 3.1. Interaction theory of metaphor By Richards and Max Black. The essence of metaphor. See the middle lines of P116. Conventionalized metaphors Alternative term: dead metaphor, usages that have been demetaphorized. E.g. see Figure 3.2 at P117. Four types of the most frequent conventionalized metaphors. Raised by Ullmann(1962) and Leech (1969). See the end of p117. Metaphor is a cognitive instrument Metaphor is a cognitive instrument, according to Black (1962). Illustration see the middle of P118. Reddy(1993)’s conduit metaphor and illustrations Reddy(1993)’s conduit metaphor: Nine examples are used to illustrate how the imparting of knowledge is conceptualized as how manageable objected are packed, transported, and unpacked. P119. Structural mapping between journey and life. See figure 3.4. In the mapping from source domain to target domain, the former is more concrete, while the latter is more abstract. E.g. see Figure 3.5. at P121. Examples to show the structuring power