Introduction to Solid State Lighting II 固体照明导论.ppt

Introduction to Solid State Lighting 饶海波 2011-6 Historical Introduction Lighting – prerequisite of human civilization 500,000 years ago- first torch 70,000 years ago – first lamp (wick) 1,000 BC – the first candle 1772 - gas lighting 1784 Agrand the first lamp relied on research (Lavoisier) 1826 -Limelight - the first solid-state lighting device Agrand Lamp The design based on the research conducted by A.?L.?Lavoisier who discovered that combustion is due to oxygen in the air. The lamp was demonstrated to King george?III, and Agrand was granted an English patent (No?1425 of 1784). 1772 - gas lighting introduced by Scottish inventor William Murdoch Limelight - the first solid-state lighting device (introduced by Thomas Drummond in 1826) Candoluminescence and Gas Mantle The emission was due to a– candoluminescence - discovered by Goldsworthy Gurney in 1820. Candoluminescence is caused by thermal excitation of ions, which emit in excess of black body incandescence Limelight was used in theaters in the 1860’s and 1870’s until superseded by the electric arc. In 1886, the candoluminescence-based the gas mantle?– a fabric of cotton soaked in a solution of a metallic salt (a mixture of cerium oxide and thorium oxide with a ratio 1:99 heated by high temperature non-luminous flame from the Bunsen burner light source Invented by by Auer?von?Welsbach and used widely in the first third of the 20th century It still can be found in kerosene and gas lamps. The Dawn of Electric Lighting 17-th century, effect of the luminous discharge of static electricity in mercury vapor was discovered Beginning of the 19th century, Sir?Humphry Davy demonstrated a discharge between two rods of carbon (an arc) and a glowing of a piece of wire heated by electric current (incandescence). He used a battery made of 2000 pairs of copper and zinc elements invented by Alessandro Volta in 1800. The change from flame to electric power in lighting technology happened only in 1870’s, when Z.?T.?G