Lesson 9 The strength of mechanical elements 机械零件的强度 机械专业专业英语教学用书.ppt

Lesson 9 The strength of mechanical elements 机械零件的强度 One of the primary considerations in designing any machine or structure is that the strength must be sufficiently greater than the stress（承受应力）to assure both safety and reliability. To assure that mechanical parts do not fail in service, it is necessary to learn why they sometimes do fail. Then we shall be able to relate the stresses with the strengths to achieve safety. Lesson 9 The strength of mechanical elements 机械零件的强度 Ideally, in designing any machine element, the engineer should have at his disposal（在手头） the results of a great many strength tests of the particular material chosen. These tests should have been made under specimens having the same heat treatment, surface finish, and size as the element he proposes to design; and the tests should be made under exactly the same loading conditions as the part will experience in service. …… Lesson 9 The strength of mechanical elements 机械零件的强度 ……This means that, if the part is to experience a bending load, it should be tested with a bending load. If it is to be subjected to combined bending and torsion, it should be tested under combined bending and torsion. Such tests will provide very useful and precise information. They tell the engineer what factor of safety to use and what the reliability is for a given service life. Whenever such data are available for design purposes, the engineer can be assured that he is doing the best possible job of engineering. Lesson 9 The strength of mechanical elements 机械零件的强度 The cost of gathering such extensive data prior to design is justified（值得）if failure of the part may endanger human life, or if the part is manufactured in sufficiently large quantities. Automobiles and refrigerators, for example, have very good reliabilities because the parts are made in such large quantities that they can be thoroughly tested in advance of manufacture. The cost of making these tests is very low when it is divided by the total n