smell+paralanguage 跨文化交际复习指导资料.ppt

Ex. A. Comprehension Check 1-5 T F T T F 6-10 T T T F F Smell natural odor is normal Filipinos: sensory-information gathering Americans: feel umcomfortable with natural smells Many other cultures: Paralanguage Definition: The set of nonphonemic properties of speech, such as speaking tempo (说话节奏), vocal pitch(音高), and intonational contours(语调轮廓), that can be used to communicate attitudes or other shades of meaning. 定义：副语言 也称是辅助语言，它包括发声系统的各个要素：音质、音幅、音调、音色等。 狭义的“副语言”指有声现象，如说话时气喘，嗓子沙哑或者尖溜溜，吃吃笑，整句话带鼻音，某个字音拉得很长，压低嗓音打喳喳，结结巴巴说话不连贯等等。这些是伴随话语而发生或对话语有影响的，有某种意义，但是那意义并非来自词汇、语法或一般语音规则。 广义的“副语言”指无声而有形的现象，即与话语同时或单独使用的手势、身势、面部表情、对话时的位置和距离等等，这些也能表示某种意义，一般有配合语言加强表达能力的作用。 Voice modulation carries very strong emotional overtones. Tempo in speech illustrates cultural variation. Tempo can also serve as an emotional indication. Volume varies with situations and across cultures. Silence is another element in voice modulation that indicates cultural divergence. Cultural puzzles (p.113) A) No. There is no information showing that the Americans did something wrong. B) No. It’s told that the Japanese were enjoying themselves. C) Yes. The Japanese culture is very group-oriented. When one person left (and this was probably the leader), the rest felt that they had to leave, even if they didn’t want to. Americans don’t usually arrive or leave in groups, so this behavior seemed strange to them. The Japanese guests were trying to be polite by avoiding staying too long at the party. They didn’t realize that two hours was too short for the Americans and that the Americans might get hurt by the fact that their guests left early. E. Discover the Meaning of Some Common Gestures in English The gestures that would be understood by speakers of English are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, and 12. Number 1 means “Good luck!” or “I hope everything goes well.” Number 2 means that a person is crazy. It is often used as a joke and is normally used only when talking privatel