关税平等和放弃禁止技术性贸易壁垒的贸易效应【外文翻译】.doc

本科毕业论文外文翻译 外文题目：TARIFF EQUIVALENT AND FORGONE TRADE EFFECTS OF 　PROHIBITIVE TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE 出 处：Prohibitive Technical Barriers to Trade 作 者：CHENGYAN YUE AND JOHN C. BEGHIN 原 文： We derive a method to econometrically estimate the tariff equivalent and forgone trade effects of a prohibitive technical barrier to trade (TBT) based on Wales and Woodland’s Kuhn–Tucker approach to corner solutions in consumer choice. The method overcomes the lack of observed data on bilateral trade flows and accounts for differentiated goods by place of origin. We apply the derived random utility model to international trade in apples to identify the tariff equivalent of prohibitive phytosanitary barriers imposed by Australia on potential imports of New Zealand apples. We estimate the forgone apple trade between the two countries, the implied trade injury imposed by Australia on New Zealand, and the welfare loss to Australia. The removal of the Australian policy would induce net welfare gains around US$50 million annually for Australia. Key words: corner solution, Kuhn–Tucker model, New Zealand apples, phytosanitary, prohibitive barrier, technical barrier to trade. Many countries implement drastic measures to restrict trade in a product associated with a perceived or actual risk of transferring a pest or disease into their geography. These occurrences of nontariff trade barriers for human or plant health have increased as tariffs have been falling worldwide (Beghin 2008). Trade agreements recognize countries’ right to set their own standards and regulations on trade in order to protect human, animal, or plant health or life. For example, two World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements, the Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures Agreement, and the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Agreement, allow countries to set their own standards to protec