[工学]北京邮电大学计算机学院离散数学下半学期.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * /discrete * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Example 6 A={0,1} (A*, ? ) (N,+) f: A* → N f(α)= the number of 1’s in α. R: αRβ if and only if f(α ) = f(β ) A* /R ≌N f :A* /R →N f([α]) =f(α) A* N A*/R fR f f fR(α)=[α] Note Theorem 4(b) can be described by the diagram above fR is the natural homomorphism. It follows from the definitions of fR and f that f?fR = f since (f?fR )(a) = f(fR(a)) = f([a]) = f(a) S T S/R fR f f Homework 20, 22, 28@331 4, 12,20,22, 24@338 Homework 4, 12,20,22, 24@338 /discrete/ 就用表中第一列的班级+序号作为账号，后面的学生姓名作为昵称。密码和账号一样。 一切准备好后，本周四要通知学生测试账号，下周正式做题。 实数集合 上的加法运算+ , + 封闭,可交换,可结合,幺元0, Thanks for your attention! Coming up next … Groups * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Theorem 2 Let (S, *) and (T, *) be monoids with identities e and e, respectively. f :S → T be an isomorphism. Then f(e) = e. Theorem 2 - Proof Let b be any element of T. Since f is onto, there is an element a in S such that f(a) = b. Since a = a*e, b = f(a) = f(a*e) = f(a)*f(e)= b*f(e). Theorem 2 - Proof Similarly, a = e*a, b = f(e)*b. Thus for any b ∈ T, b = b * f(e) = f(e) * b, which means that f(e) is an identity for T. the identity is unique, f(e) = e Q.E.D. Note If (S, *) and (T, *) are semigroups such that S has an identity and T does not, it then follows from Theorem 2 that (S, *) and (T, *) cannot be isomorphic. Example 19 Let T be the set of all even integers and let * be ordinary multiplication. the semigroups (Z, * ) and (T, * ) are not isomorphic, since Z has an identity and T does not. Homomorphism – 同态 Let (S, *) and (T, *) be two semigroups. An everywhere-defined function f :S → T is called a homomorphism from (S, *) to (T, *) If f(a*b) = f(a) * f(b) for all a and b in S. If f is also onto, we say that T is a homomorphic image(同态像) of S. Example 20 Let A = {0, l} (A*, ? ), ? is the catenation operation (A, +), + is defined by the table above D