[自然科学]industrialMicrobiology.ppt

Genetic Modification is a set of technologies that alter the genetic makeup of living organisms (animals, plants, or bacteria) The term biotechnology is a more general term that refers to using living organisms or their components to make products like wine, beer, cheese,and yogurt. Combining genes from different organisms is known as recombinant DNA technology. The resulting organism is called: genetically modified genetically engineered or transgenic GM products include vaccines, foods and food ingredients, feeds and fibers. * Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology. Application to environmental problems. Fermentation has always been an important part of our lives: foods can be spoiled by microbial fermentations, foods can be made by microbial fermentations, and muscle cells use fermentation to provide us with quick responses. Fermentation could be called the staff of life because it gives us the basic food, bread. But how fermentation actually works was not understood until the work of Louis Pasteur in the latter part of the nineteenth century and the research which followed. Fermentation is the process that produces alcoholic beverages or acidic dairy products. For a cell, fermentation is a way of getting energy without using oxygen. In general, fermentation involves the breaking down of complex organic substances into simpler ones. The microbial or animal cell obtains energy through glycolysis, splitting a sugar molecule and removing electrons from the molecule. The electrons are then passed to an organic molecule such as pyruvic acid. This results in the formation of a waste product that is excreted from the cell. Waste products formed in this way include ethyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, lactic acid, and acetone--the substances vital to our utilization of fermentation. Lactic Acid Fermentation During lactic acid fermentation, the electrons released during glycolysis are passed to pyruvic acid to form two molecules of lactic acid. Lactic acid fe