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Introducing the .NET Framework and Visual Studio Business application programming has evolved from a two-tier, tightly coupled model into a multitiered, loosely coupled model, often involving data transfer over the Internet or a corporate intranet. In an effort to allow programmers to be more productive and deal with the complexities of this type of model, Microsoft developed the .NET Framework. To effectively program in C#, you need to understand this underlying framework upon which it is built. After reading this chapter, you should be familiar with the following: ? The .NET Framework. ? The features of the Common Language Runtime (CLR). ? How the just-in-time (JIT) compiler works. ? The .NET Framework base class library. ? Namespaces and assemblies. ? The features of the Visual Studio integrated development environment. Introducing the .NET Framework The .NET Framework is a collection of fundamental classes designed to provide the common services needed to run applications. Let’s look at the goals of the .NET Framework and then review its components. Goals of the .NET Framework Microsoft designed the .NET Framework with certain goals in mind. The following sections examine these goals and how the .NET Framework achieves them. Support of Industry Standards Microsoft wanted the .NET Framework to be based on industry standards and practices. As a result, the framework relies heavily on industry standards such as the Extensible Markup Language (XML) and Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP). Microsoft has also submitted a Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) Working Document to the European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA), which oversees many of the common standards in the computer industry. The CLI is a set of specifications needed to create compilers that conform to the .NET Framework. Third-party vendors can use these specifications to create .NET-compliant language compilers; for example, Interactive Software Engineering (ISE) has c